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Drinking Water Contaminants- Para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB)

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This is a factsheet about a chemical that may be found in some public or private drinking water supplies. It may cause health problems if found in amounts greater than the health standard set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). What is p-DCB and how is it used? Para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) is an organic solid of white crystals with a mothball-like odor. It is used mainly as an insecticidal fumigant against clothes moths and as a deodorant for garbage and restrooms. It is also used as an insecticide and fungicide on crops, and in the manufacture of other organic chemicals and in plastics, dyes, pharmaceuticals. The list of trade names given below may help you find out whether you are using this chemical at home or work. Trade Names and Synonyms: Paradichlorobenzene Paradichlorobenzol Paramoth Di-Chloricide Paradi Paradow Persia-Perazol Evola Parazene Why is p-DCB being Regulated? In 1974, Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This law requires EPA to determine safe levels of chemicals in drinking water which do or may cause health problems. These non-enforceable levels, based solely on possible health risks and exposure, are called Maximum Contaminant Level Goals. The MCLG for p-DCB has been set at 75 parts per billion (ppb) because EPA believes this level of protection would not cause any of the potential health problems described below. Based on this MCLG, EPA has set an enforceable standard called a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL). MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs as possible, considering the ability of public water systems to detect and remove contaminants using suitable treatment technologies. The MCL has been set at 75 ppb because EPA believes, given present technology and resources, this is the lowest level to which water systems can reasonably be required to remove this contaminant should it occur in drinking water. These drinking water standards and the regulations for ensuring these standards are met, are called National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. All public water supplies must abide by these regulations. What are the Health Effects? Short-term: EPA has found p-DCB to potentially cause the following health effects when people are exposed to it at levels above the MCL for relatively short periods of time: nausea, vomiting, headaches, and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Long-term: p-DCB has the potential to cause the following effects from a lifetime exposure at levels above the MCL: anemia, skin lesions, appetite loss, damage to liver and changes in blood. How much p-DCB is produced and released to the environment? 74 million lbs. of p-DCB were consumed by industry in 1986, and demand was predicted to increase. Chemical waste dump leachates and direct manufacturing effluents are reported to be the major source of p-DCB pollution in Lake Ontario. From 1987 to 1993, according to the Toxic Release Inventory, p-DCB releases to water totalled almost 34,000 lbs. Releases to land totalled nearly 4,500 lbs. These releases were primarily from a single chemical manufacturing plant in West Virginia. What happens to p-DCB when it is released to the environment? p-DCB only moderately binds to soil so it may leach to ground water. Otherwise, it will evaporate and be slowly broken down by microbes. If released to water, it will largely evaporate. p-DCB is not likely to accumulate in most aquatic life, though it may in some fishes. How will p-DCB be Detected in and Removed from My Drinking Water? The regulation for p-DCB became effective in 1989. Between 1993 and 1995, EPA required your water supplier to collect water samples every 3 months for one year and analyze them to find out if p-DCB is present above 0.5 ppb. If it is present above this level, the system must continue to monitor this contaminant. If contaminant levels are found to be consistently above the MCL, your water supplier must take steps to reduce the amount of p-DCB so that it is consistently below that level. The following treatment methods have been approved by EPA for removing p-DCB: Granular activated charcoal in combination with Packed Tower Aeration. How will I know if p-DCB is in my drinking water? If the levels of p-DCB exceed the MCL, 75 ppb, the system must notify the public via newspapers, radio, TV and other means. Additional actions, such as providing alternative drinking water supplies, may be required to prevent serious risks to public health. Drinking Water Standards: Mclg: 75 ppb Mcl: 75 ppb p-DCB Releases to Water and Land, 1987 to 1993 (in pounds):   Water Land TOTALS (in pounds) 33,675 4,482 Top Five States* WV 27,676 0 TX 1,280 3,132 DE 1,870 200 GA 750 0 LA 503 0 Major Industries Alkalies, chlorine 27,676 0 Industrial org. chem. 3,076 3,350 Agricultural chem. 750 0 Cyclic crudes, intermed. 600 0 * Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases greater than a certain amount - usually 1000 to 10,000 lbs.   As part of the Drinking Water and Health pages, this fact sheet is part of a larger U.S. EPA publication: EPA National Primary Drinking Water Regulations

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• What are the different types of bottled water and their quality? What type of drinking water is the safest and healthiest
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Editor's Note: Do You Know What's In The Water That You're Drinking?
In 1993, the City of Milwaukee Wisconsin experienced a sad tragic event. People died from contamination in the public water supply. Cryptosporidium cysts poisoned over 100,000 people. Over 1000 people were hospitalized and nearly 100 people died. As a result of this, Milwaukee changed their water treatment facilities. People deserve safe, clean water both for drinking and for bathing. No one wants to wonder whether or not they are going to be poisoned by their water supply..
Water filtration should be the answer however studies have shown that many water filters out there only remove a small percentage of these harmful contaminants. We are promoting reverse osmosis technology because reverse osmosis has proved itself to be the ultimate and the most economical water purification method.